Hypopharyngeal cancer refers to malignant tumours in the hypopharynx, the lower part of the throat where the larynx and oesophagus meet.

Oropharyngeal cancer affects the middle part of the throat, including the tonsils, base of the tongue, soft palate, and the pharyngeal walls.

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a rare cancer affecting the upper part of the throat behind the nose.

Oral cancer is a serious yet often preventable condition that affects the tongue, gums, inner cheeks, and other parts of the mouth.

Cancers affecting the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses are uncommon but can be aggressive. They are part of a broader category of head and neck malignancies

Sialolithiasis is the presence of stones in any of the salivary glands or ducts.

Benign salivary gland tumors typically present as painless, slow-growing nodules. Though non-cancerous, these tumors require careful evaluation to rule out malignancy.

Acute sialadenitis is an inflammatory condition that affects the salivary glands, primarily caused by bacterial or viral infections.

Salivary glands play a vital role in keeping your mouth healthy, aiding digestion, and protecting against infections.

Dental infections can have significant consequences for the face and neck, often resulting in severe complications if untreated.

Nasal fractures are breaks in the nasal bones or cartilages that often affect appearance and breathing.

Thorough evaluation of a neck mass is essential for optimizing patient outcomes as it enables early and accurate diagnosis of the underlying cause, whether benign, infectious, or malignant.

Thorough evaluation of a neck mass is essential for optimizing patient outcomes as it enables early and accurate diagnosis of the underlying cause, whether benign, infectious, or malignant.

Thorough evaluation of a neck mass is essential for optimizing patient outcomes as it enables early and accurate diagnosis of the underlying cause, whether benign, infectious, or malignant.

Thorough evaluation of a neck mass is essential for optimizing patient outcomes as it enables early and accurate diagnosis of the underlying cause, whether benign, infectious, or malignant.

The human ear can be divided into 3 distinct parts. The inner, middle, and outer ear. Among these, the inner ear is the deepest part. It sends signals to our brains about the sounds it reads. Like every other part of our body, it can have disorders and infections. Most of them are congenital and…

The Airway foreign body is the aspiration of a foreign object that can impair oxygenation and ventilation.

Pediatric head and neck malignancies are cancerous growths that occur in the head and neck region of children and adolescents.

Laryngomalacia is the collapse of the supraglottic during inspiration. It’s the most common cause of congenital stridor. It generally resolves in 12 to 18 months.

Epiglottitis is the inflammation of the epiglottis and adjacent supraglottic structures. It most commonly occurs in children between 3 to 8 years of age. The H. influenza vaccine has significantly reduced cases.

Laryngotracheobronchitis is the inflammation of the larynx and trachea that extends into the bronchi. It predominantly occurs between ages 6 months to 3 years

Peritonsillar Abscess is the collection of pus in the peritonsillar space outside the palatine tonsil capsule. It is the most common deep neck infection.

Is characterized by low-grade tonsil discomfort and halitosis, sometimes with mild upper neck lymphadenopathy.

Acute tonsilitis is an acute inflammation of the palatine tonsils. It’s most common in school children. This disorder peaks in winter.

Hypertrophy is the increase in muscle size of the pharyngeal tonsil. It is most commonly seen in children aged 3 to 6.

Effusion is when fluids in the middle ear are without signs or symptoms of an acute ear infection.

Inflammation of the middle ear cavity is known as acute otitis media. Its risk factors include young age, daycare, tobacco smoke, down syndrome, bottle feeding when supine, and family history.

Acute otitis media is the inflammation of the middle ear space. It’s most common in infants and young children. Around 70% to 80% of infants had at least one episode of AOM by age 3.

Tracheostomy is the temporary opening from the trachea to the lower neck. It’s usually formed to bypass airway obstruction in the larynx or upper airway.

Vocal fold nodules are the thickening or callus formation on the vocal folds. It’s commonly seen in children, professional speakers, singers, and teachers. It’s more common in women than men.

People with certain types of HPV can develop papillomatosis. The disorder causes small, noncancerous tumors to form inside your vocal box and larynx.

In this disorder, the benign fluids collect on the vocal folds. This is most common for male adults. It’s mostly unilateral, but it can also be bilateral.

Chronic Laryngitis is the inflammation of the laryngeal mucosa lasting more than 2 weeks. This is most common among elderly men and smokers.

Acute Laryngitis is the inflammation of the laryngeal mucosa lasting less than 2 weeks.

The larynx is located centrally in the neck and lies between the oropharynx and trachea.

Laryngology is the study of the larynx or the voice box. Apart from producing voice, another key function of the larynx is the protection of the lungs from food and fluid entry.

Endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy is a process that involves the incision of the lacrimal sac accessed lateral to the nasal middle turbinate.

Epistaxis is the bleeding from the nose.

Chronic rhinosinusitis is the inflammation of the paranasal sinus lasting for more than 12 weeks. Chronic rhinosinusitis can be classified in 3 ways.

●     Chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps

●     Allergic fungal rhinosinusitis

●     Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps

Chronic rhinosinusitis occurs in both children and adults but is most common in middle-aged adults.

The nose is made up of a framework of bones and cartilage. Those are divided into right and left chambers by nasal septum.

First, the patient’s allergic history is taken. Then allergy testing, vitro testing, and skin testing are conducted.

For treatment, avoidance of allergens and environmental controls are advised.

Several factors may cause allergic rhinitis, including genetic susceptibility, exposure to allergens, environmental factors, or exposure to smoke.

Rhinitis is the inflammation of the nasal cavity mucosa. It can be classified into two types.

The nose is made up of a framework of bones and cartilage. Those are divided into right and left chambers by nasal septum.

Rhinology is the study of the nose (Rhino). It has both internal and external components and posteriorly joins the nasopharynx. It filters, warms, and humidifies air to help oxygen transfer.

Following a hearing loss, bone-anchored hearing aids can also significantly enhance hearing ability.

There are several ways to improve hearing surgically. Several procedures can help you achieve your goal. An ossicular chain reconstruction or stapes surgery helps the transmission of vibration through a thickened stapes bone.

Tinnitus is the impression of sound when there is no external stimulus present. The sound can often be described as a buzzing or ringing in the ears. It can either be continuous or intermittent, non-pulsatile or pulsatile.

Nystagmus is the uncontrollable, rapid movement of the eyes.

While vertigo is essentially dizziness, feelings can mean different things to different people. There are a few things you can ask the patient to differentiate and clarify the common divisions of dizziness.

Acoustic Neuroma is a non-cancerous inner ear tumor. This essentially affects your hearing and balance. It constitutes the bulk of cerebellopontine angle tumors. And the majority of the tumors are unilateral.

Menier’s disease is an inner ear disorder characterized by a combination of buzzing tinnitus, hearing loss, and pressure sensation with vertigo. It’s a rare disorder that rarely affects bilateral ears. The symptoms onset between the 3rd and 5th decade of life.

Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo is one of the most common types of vestibular disorders.

Vestibular disorders disturb the body’s balance system. This is caused by some sort of damage in the vestibular system of the inner ear, the central nervous system processing systems, or even both. 

Vestibular neuritis is an inflammation of the inner ear or vestibulocochlear nerve or both. This disease is more prevalent in middle-aged adults.

The first step in epley manoevure is the Dix-Hallpike test.

An “uncontrolled” immune system response is the defining characteristic of autoimmune inner ear disease, which is characterized by bilateral sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL).

Several drugs can lead to toxic damage to the inner ear, affecting hearing and vestibular function. The effects might not always be reversible.

Noise-induced sensorineural Hearing Loss (SNHL) can be caused by excessive exposure to loud noises. This can be classified into 2 categories: acute noise-induced hearing loss and chronic noise-induced hearing loss.

Presbycusis is an age-related sensorineural hearing loss disease. This is more common in men than women. By the age of 75, more than half of the adult population is impacted by it.

Congenital sensorineural hearing loss is an inner ear hearing loss that is present at birth. It can be either hereditary or non-hereditary. The hereditary defects can be classified as non-syndrome-associated and syndrome-associated.

Otosclerosis is the bony overgrowth of the stapes footplate, leading to fixation and conductive hearing loss. Symptoms for this include slow progressive hearing loss in both ears, increased vascularity of the middle ear, bony prominence, and tinnitus might also be seen.

Otosclerosis happens when abnormal bone growth occurs in the middle or inner ear, causing interference with sound traveling to your ear. Otosclerosis can lead to conductive hearing loss.

The inflammation of mastoid cells is called mastoiditis. Mastoid cells are continuous throughout the middle ear cavity. During an AOM episode, inflammation spreads to the mucosal lining of the mastoid air cells, leading to mastoiditis.

Mastoiditis is the inflammation of mastoid air cells. It starts as a middle ear infection. It’s often more prevalent in children than adults. It used to be a common cause of death for children, but now it can be easily cured and isn’t a big threat.

Cholesteatoma is an abnormal growth of keratinizing squamous epithelium in the middle ear and mastoid. It may get bigger with time and damage near structures. This disease can be classified into 2 types – Congenenital and Acquired.

Exostoses is a noncancerous bone tumour. This is generally caused by repeated exposure to cold water or wind, leading to irritation. This disease is generally asymptomatic unless large. But usually, symptoms include hearing loss, cerumen impaction, and cerumen.

Cerumen is commonly known as ear wax, which acts as a protective layer for the ear canal. Excessive amounts of ear wax can cause impaction. It’s usually caused by cerumen overproduction, narrowing of the ear canal, or an obstruction created by an ear canal disease.

Malignant otitis is osteomyelitis of the temporal bone. It’s a rare complication of otitis externa. It is called malignant because of the aggressiveness of the infection. Elderly people and diabetic and immune-compromised patients are prone to this disease. Topical agents usually don’t work for this disease

Dr. Ronald Chin’s Explanation For Otitis Externa Otitis ecterna is an ear condition that causes inflammation in the external auditory canal. This is more prevalent in warmer months. It’s usually caused by bacteria, fungal infections, or irritation. This disease has several risk factors, such as water exposure, trauma to the skin lining in the external…

Dr. Ronald Chin’s Take on the Hearing Tests There are mainly 3 systems of testing for hearing loss. Tympanometry is a system of measuring the compliance of the middle ear. A pure tone signal is passed through the external auditory canal and the sound reflections are measured at different pressures, from -400 to +200mm of…

Dr. Ronald Chin’s Explanation of Types Of Hearing Loss There are mainly 3 kinds of hearing loss- conductive hearing loss, mixed hearing loss and sensorineural hearing loss. Conductive hearing loss can be caused by the interference of the conduction of sound to the cochlea or any external and internal ear disease.  Sensorineural hearing loss happens…

Dr. Ronald Chin’s Explanation Of The Physiology Of Hearing Hearing is a complex process where the ear converts vibrations into what our brain preserves as sound. First, the sound waves come into the tympanic membrane. Then, the membrane causes a displacement of the auditory ossicles. That movement in the staples at the oval window creates…

Dr. Ronald Chin’s Explanation Of The Anatomy Of The Ear The ear can be divided into three parts: the inner ear, the middle ear, and the external ear. The outer ear comprises the Pinna and the External Auditory Canal (EAC). The Pinna comprises elastic cartilage surrounded by skin on either side. It channels sound waves…

Dr. Ronald Chin’s Method of Examining Oral Cavity When examining the mouth and oropharynx, it’s important to assess different structures for potential issues. Lips: Look at the color and symmetry of the lips and check for any abnormal spots or sores. Gingiva, Teeth, and Buccal Mucosa: Use a tongue depressor to lift the cheeks away…

Dr Ronald Chin’s Way of Examining the Ear Firstly to asses the external ear, check its size, shape, position, and overall condition. Also looks for any scars, swelling, redness, tenderness, or unusual features in the areas behind the ear and the bony region called the mastoid. Next, use an otoscope to examine the ear canal…

Dr Ronald Chin’s Examination of The Larynx When you evaluate patients with voice disorders, throat pain, painful swallowing, neck masses, or referred otalgia, it’s crucial to conduct a thorough examination. To do this, we use a flexible laryngoscope. First, a small amount of topical anesthesia is sprayed into one nostril to numb the area. Then,…

Dr Ronald Chin’s Explanation of the House-Brackmann Facial Nerve Grading System The system consists of six grades: Normal, Mild dysfunction, Moderate dysfunction, Moderately severe dysfunction, Severe dysfunction, and Total paralysis. These grades help evaluate the overall condition of the facial nerve. To determine the grade, you have to judge three factors: gross functions, resting appearance,…

Dr Ronald Chin’s Way of Testing Facial Nerve Function First, we observe the general appearance of the patient’s face to see if there are any noticeable abnormalities or asymmetries. Then, ask the patient to perform a few actions: Raise their eyebrows so that you can check the muscles that lift their eyebrows. Shut their eyes…

Dr. Ronald Chin’s Way of Examining The Cranial Nerves During a head and neck examination, it is crucial to assess the cranial nerves CN I – by evaluating smell sensation in each nostril CN II –  is assessed for visual acuity in each eye individually CN III, IV, VI – eye coordination is checked CN…

Dr. Ronald Chin’s Necessary ENT Instruments Dr. Ronald Chin relies on essential instruments for examining and treating ENT conditions. These include the otoscope, which allows him to see inside the ears, and the tongue depressor, used to hold down the tongue for better throat visibility. To remove earwax or foreign objects, Dr. Chin utilizes the…

Dr. Ronald Chin’s Head and Neck System Review A patient’s medical history helps you form a preliminary diagnosis. The patient’s complaints are important factors to consider. To confirm or correct your initial diagnosis, a physical examination and further investigations are necessary. The Head and Neck System Review focuses on symptoms related to specific areas. For…

Dr. Ronald Chin’s Take on the Examination of the Nose So first, we’ll check the shape of the nose to see if there is any septal deviation or if the nostrils are symmetrical. We also check the skin on the nose for any abnormalities or signs of trauma. Next, we block one nostril at a…

Otoscopy Examination Tips by Dr Ronald Chin First, when choosing a speculum for the examination, choose the largest one that fits comfortably in the patient’s ear canal. Now, gently pull the pinna (the outer fleshy part of the ear) upwards and backward to straighten the ear canal. When dealing with children, pull it backward instead.…

Dr Ronald Chin’s Explanation of the Rinne Test First, we’ll strike a tuning fork to make it vibrate. Then, we’ll place it on a part of the patient’s skull called the mastoid process. This helps us test something called bone conduction, which means how well sound travels through the bones of the head. And once…

Dr Ronald Chin’s Explanation of the Weber Test You perform the Weber test by striking the tuning fork and gently pressing it against the centre of the person’s forehead. In a person with normal hearing, the sound from the tuning fork travels equally to both ears. This happens because the vibrations properly transmit through the…

Dr Ronald Chin’s Take on the Examination of the Neck One should first examine the patient from the front for any apparent lumps, scars, skin discolouration, or other anomalies. Next, palpate the patient’s neck from behind, examining the anterior and posterior triangles, larynx, thyroid gland, supraclavicular area, and lymph nodes. Once you’re done with all…

The Effectiveness Of Chemotherapy And Targeted Therapy In Head And Neck Cancer Can Head And Neck Cancer Can Be Cured? Cancer is a devastating disease that affects millions of people worldwide. Head and neck cancers can be particularly challenging to diagnose and treat due to their location in the body, yet with advances in modern…

Ent Surgeons Childhood is a time of immense growth and development. It marks the transition from infancy to adulthood, with many challenges that require specialized expertise and knowledge to provide the best care possible for young patients. Enter paediatrics – the branch of medicine focused on providing comprehensive medical care for infants, children and adolescents…

Can Your Hearing Loss Be Corrected with Surgery? The ear can act weird sometimes, whether it’s because of blockages, infections, or congenital reasons is totally different. However, the fact remains that you’re suffering. Because hearing is a skill, we can’t survive without. That’s where the many miracles of science walk in. there are hearing aids…

Tinnitus: Ringing In The Ears And What To Do About It You’ve probably heard about it. The ear disease causes victims to continuously hear a white noise – without an off button. There’s no stopping it. Sounds like a nightmare, right? Well, that’s what it’s like to live with tinnitus. An anomaly to the natural…

Signs and Symptoms of Central Vestibular Disorders The link between your ear and brain is called the vestibular system. It’s responsible for maintaining the balance of our bodies. However, many diseases can infect this system and can cause dizziness or vertigo. Let’s find out more. Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) is…

You have been diagnosed with glue ear – it’s a condition where fluid gets stuck in the middle ear because of a malfunctioning Eustachian tube. It’s a common disease among children. The doctor has suggested a grommet surgery – a grommet is a small tube that is placed into the eardrum to stabilize the pressure…

Disorders of The Outer Ear And Hearing Loss One of the five key senses is hearing. Using our ears, we can hear the magnificent sounds happening around us. The human ear can be divided into 3 parts. The inner, middle, and outer ears. We need the proper functioning of all three of them for proper…

The human ear is the key organ of one of the five senses – hearing. It allows us to hear, a crucial part of our daily lives, right? Well, while that might sound obvious, oftentimes, we don’t realize how important it is before suffering from the absence of it. Hearing loss doesn’t mean it has…

The human ear can be weird. It lets us hear. However, sometimes it acts funny. Because of diseases, we encounter muffled hearing, hissing, buzzing, and even – crackling sounds in the ear. You might find it similar to the sound cereal make when you pour milk over it. This popping sensation is annoying and uncomfortable.…

You have been diagnosed with glue ear – it’s a condition where fluid gets stuck in the middle ear because of a malfunctioning Eustachian tube. It’s a common disease among children. The doctor has suggested a grommet surgery – a grommet is a small tube that is placed into the eardrum to stabilize the pressure…

So, your child, or on the off chance you, has glue ear. The doctor has recommended putting a grommet in there through surgery. By now, you probably know what a grommet looks like. The idea of inserting a pipe in your ear sounds scary enough as it is. Thankfully, risks specific to grommet surgeries are…

Grommets are tiny tubes that are surgically placed into the eardrum to help fluid drain and let air into the middle ear – this is a common surgery for people with glue ear – a condition where complications in the eustachian tube trap fluid in the middle ear and make it an ideal home for…

You visited the doctor for your child’s earaches. They diagnosed them with glue ear. The doctors are recommending a grommets surgery if you want a quick recovery. You’re asking yourself – What are grommets? Are there any risks? Are there any alternatives? If I follow the doctor’s decision, how should I prepare? Etc. We’ll be…